Isla Bennett
There are many reasons why your fingernails might be cracking down the middle. It could be due to repeated exposure to water, harsh chemicals, or certain underlying illnesses. It could also be indicative of vitamin or mineral deficiencies, including calcium, iron, zinc, and biotin. In some cases, cracked fingernails can be a sign of a more serious health condition, such as psoriasis, thyroid problems, or a fungal infection. If you are experiencing pain, swelling, or redness, it is recommended to consult a doctor or dermatologist for further evaluation and treatment options.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Age | Older people are more prone to nail cracking |
| Gender | Women are more likely to have cracked nails than men |
| Exposure to water | Frequent exposure to water can cause nail cracking |
| Medical conditions | Psoriasis, thyroid problems, nail fungus, and cancer treatment can cause nail cracking |
| Vitamin and mineral deficiencies | Deficiencies in vitamins A, B, C, D, iron, zinc, calcium, and biotin can lead to nail cracking |
| Nail products | Nail polish, gel manicures, and nail polish removers can weaken and damage nails, making them prone to cracking |
| Injury | Any injury to the nail, including nail biting or picking, can cause nail cracking |
| Occupation | Occupations requiring frequent exposure to water or chemicals can increase the risk of nail cracking |
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What You'll Learn
Ageing and thinning nails
One of the most common reasons for fingernails to crack is ageing. As you get older, your nails dry out, thin, and become more prone to cracking. This is due to a decrease in cholesterol (the main lipid in nails) and blood circulation, which predisposes nails to conditions like brittleness and peeling. Nails receive oxygen and nutrients from the bloodstream, so efficient blood flow to the hands and feet is essential for nail health.
Nail changes can also be a sign of more serious health problems, such as heart and lung disease, anemia, liver and kidney problems, or diabetes. For example, longitudinal melanonychia, characterised by dark stripes or ridges along the length of the nail, may indicate melanoma or malignant skin cancer in rare cases. Another condition, Neapolitan nail, is characterised by three horizontal bands of white, pink, and opaque discolouration and is associated with osteoporosis and thin skin.
To care for ageing nails, it is important to maintain proper nail hygiene and hydration. This includes regularly washing, moisturising, and exfoliating the hands and nails. Cut nails to a healthy length, avoiding cutting them too short, and file them to smooth any uneven edges. Applying oils can help improve nail elasticity and moisture, and using nail polish can protect the nails. Additionally, wearing gloves when washing dishes or performing other tasks that involve frequent wetting and drying of the hands can help prevent nail damage.
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Frequent exposure to water
Onychoschizia causes horizontal splits across the width of the nail plate, and it can occur alongside another condition called onychorrhexis, which results in longitudinal splits or ridges in the nail plate. Together, these conditions are sometimes referred to as "brittle nails."
To prevent cracks in your fingernails caused by frequent exposure to water, it is recommended to reduce the frequency of wetting and drying your nails. This can be achieved by wearing plastic or rubber gloves over thin cotton gloves when performing tasks that involve water, such as housework or food preparation.
Additionally, keeping your nails trimmed short can help reduce the vulnerability to injury and further cracking. Applying thick moisturizers or petroleum jelly can also improve nail hydration and prevent cracks. It is also advised to avoid using harsh chemicals on your nails, such as acetone-based nail polish removers, as these can weaken the nails and make them more prone to breaking.
If your nails are already cracked, there are several steps you can take to repair and protect them. Trimming away the damaged part of the nail and filing the rough edges can help prevent further tearing. Applying a layer of clear nail polish can also provide protection for cracked nails.
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Vitamin and mineral deficiencies
Fingernails are part of the body's outer layer, or the integumentary system, which also includes the skin, hair, and glands. This system acts as a barrier between the outside world and the body's internal parts. Therefore, fingernails can reveal a lot about a person's health. Changes in the appearance of nails can point to vitamin and mineral deficiencies or other serious health conditions.
Magnesium is another important mineral that contributes to nail health. A magnesium deficiency can result in weak, flaky nails that are prone to breakage. Patients with reduced plasma magnesium levels can develop soft, flaky nails that are inclined to break or split. Foods rich in magnesium include whole grains, beans, nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables like spinach.
Zinc is also an important mineral that can affect nail health. A zinc deficiency can cause nails to become fragile and brittle, leading to cracking and even complete nail loss. Beau's nails and onychorrhexis are nail conditions that can develop as a result of low zinc levels. Zinc-rich foods include whole grains, poultry, beans, and beef.
Iron deficiency can also lead to brittle nails that break easily. A pale appearance of the nails may indicate low iron levels, and iron deficiency can also cause ridges or changes in nail shape, such as becoming concave or spoon-shaped. This condition is known as spoon nails or anaemia and can affect both the fingernails and toenails. Iron-rich foods include spinach, red meat, poultry, beans, and iron-fortified cereals.
In addition to these specific examples, it is important to note that a well-rounded diet that includes a variety of nutrient-dense foods is the best way to ensure proper nail health and overall health. If you suspect that you may have a vitamin or mineral deficiency, it is always best to consult with a healthcare professional, who can advise you on any necessary dietary changes or supplements.
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Underlying health conditions
Fingernail cracking can sometimes be a symptom of an underlying health condition. While it is uncommon, cracked nails may indicate a nutritional deficiency, such as a lack of biotin, or vitamins A, B, C, and D. Cracked nails can also be a sign of insufficient zinc, iron, or calcium in the body. In such cases, dietary changes or supplements may be recommended to restore nutrient levels and improve nail health.
Cracked nails can also be a symptom of more serious health conditions, such as thyroid dysfunction, tuberculosis, or Sjögren syndrome. Additionally, people with skin conditions like psoriasis or lichen planus often experience nail changes, including nail cracking, splitting, and crumbling. In some cases, medications, particularly those containing vitamin A (retinoids), can also cause nail problems. If you suspect that your nail cracking may be related to a medication you are taking, consult your healthcare provider to discuss alternative treatment options.
Occupations that require frequent hand washing or exposure to chemicals can also increase the risk of nail brittleness and cracking. This is often due to the repeated wetting and drying of the nails, which can be damaging over time. To prevent this, it is recommended to wear gloves when your hands are exposed to water or chemicals, and to keep your nails and hands well-moisturized.
If you are concerned about the condition of your nails, it is always best to consult a healthcare professional, who can help determine the underlying cause and suggest appropriate treatments or lifestyle changes.
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Nail cosmetics and procedures
The use of nail cosmetics has become widespread, with millions of people worldwide using them to achieve attractive, smooth, and shiny nails. The variety of products is constantly expanding, with newer nail cosmetics, procedures, and adornments flooding the market regularly. Nail cosmetics are also used to hide diseased nails affected by various infectious and inflammatory pathologies that adversely affect self-esteem.
Nail beautification is a big industry today, with various nail cosmetics available, ranging from nail hardeners, polishes, extensions, artificial/sculpted nails, and nail decorations. While these products can enhance the appearance of nails, they can also have adverse effects. For example, nail-hardening agents containing formaldehyde may increase nail strength, but they can also cause brittleness and other nail problems if not applied properly. Acrylate-containing hardeners are also effective strength enhancers, but they may cause allergic reactions.
Nail polish can be used to protect cracked nails and camouflage dyschromias and mild dystrophies. However, frequent use of nail polish, along with polish removers/solvents, can contribute to nail splitting and brittleness. Artificial nails, such as gel or acrylic nails, may be helpful in concealing moderate nail dystrophy, but they require regular touch-up procedures as the nail grows. The removal process for gel nails, in particular, can result in physical damage to the nail plate.
It is important to be cautious when using nail cosmetics and procedures to avoid adverse effects. Infections and allergic reactions can occur, so it is crucial to have good ventilation when using nail products and to seek medical attention if any adverse reactions, such as itching, burning, swelling, pain, redness, or growths, are present. Dermatologists should be knowledgeable about nail cosmetic products and procedures to provide better case management and advice on their safe and correct use.
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Frequently asked questions
There are several reasons why your fingernails could be cracking down the middle. The most common cause is aging, as nails tend to become thinner and more prone to cracking with age. Other causes include frequent exposure to water, vitamin deficiencies, thyroid problems, and underlying medical conditions such as psoriasis, lichen planus, or nail fungus.
To treat cracked fingernails, you can trim or file down the jagged edges and let your nails grow back naturally. You can also apply nail glue or clear nail lacquer to hold the nail together until it grows out. Additionally, you can use nail hardening products, cuticle oils, or petroleum jelly-based lotions to strengthen and moisturize your nails. To prevent cracking, avoid prolonged exposure to water, wear gloves when doing tasks that involve water, and limit the use of harsh nail products and nail polish removers.
Yes, vitamin deficiencies can cause fingernails to crack. Deficiencies in vitamins A, B, C, and D, as well as minerals like iron, zinc, calcium, and biotin, can contribute to nail splitting and brittleness.
Yes, thyroid problems can cause fingernail cracking. The thyroid regulates metabolism and plays a role in nail growth. People with thyroid dysfunction may experience nail problems, including dry, cracked, and brittle nails.
Most cracked fingernails do not require medical treatment. However, if your nails are very painful, show signs of infection, or if the cracking is getting worse, you should consult a doctor. Additionally, if all your nails are splitting or you notice unusual symptoms, it is recommended to seek medical advice to rule out any underlying health conditions.
