Noah Sinclair
The nail is a protective plate found at the tip of the digits (fingers and toes) of all primates, corresponding to the claws in other animals. Nails are made of a tough, rigid protein called alpha-keratin, which also forms claws, hooves, and horns in vertebrates. The growth rate of nails is related to the length of the terminal phalanges (outermost finger bones), with the nail of the index finger growing faster than that of the little finger. Fingernails grow at an average rate of about 3.5 mm per month, while toenails grow at about half that rate. This article will explore the structure of nails, including the nail plate, matrix, and bed, as well as factors that influence nail growth and common nail conditions.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| What nails are made of | A tough rigid protein called alpha-keratin |
| Where nails start | In the nail root, hidden under the cuticle |
| How nails grow | The matrix produces new keratin that gathers at the nail plate and slowly pushes the nail forward |
| Fingernail growth rate | 2.5-3.5 mm per month |
| Toenail growth rate | 1.6 mm per month |
| Time to regrow fingernails | 3-6 months |
| Time to regrow toenails | 12-18 months |
| Factors affecting growth rate | Age, sex, season, exercise level, diet, and hereditary factors |
| Longest female nails ever recorded | 8.65 m |
| What nails are used for | Scratching, removing hairs from clothes, and as part of the sense of touch |
| What the nail bed is | The skin beneath the nail plate that supplies nourishment to the nail unit |
| What the lunula is | The whitish crescent-shaped base of the visible nail |
| What the cuticle is | A thin layer of skin that grows over the nail at the proximal nail fold |
| What the matrix is | The active tissue that generates cells |
| How to care for nails | Trim and file nails regularly, moisturize nails and cuticles, and manage any health conditions that may affect the nails |
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What You'll Learn
The nail matrix and its role in nail growth
The nail matrix is a vital structure in the nail unit, responsible for nail growth. Located at the base of the nail, it is where new nail plate cells are created. The nail plate, also known as the nail itself, is made of a tough, rigid protein called alpha-keratin. The nail matrix, or germinal matrix, is the active tissue that generates these cells, which then harden as they move outward from the nail root to the nail plate.
The nail matrix is made up of special cells that constantly produce new layers of keratin. Each nail matrix produces 196 layers of cells that combine to form each fingernail or toenail. As new cells are produced, they push the older cells outward, resulting in nail growth. The length, size, and shape of the matrix determine the thickness, width, and shape of the nail. A longer nail matrix will result in a thicker nail, while a wider matrix will produce a nail with greater width.
The lunula, or "small moon," is the only visible part of the nail matrix. It appears as a white, crescent-shaped base at the nail's base and is best seen on the thumb. The visibility of the lunula can vary, with some people having visible lunulas on only certain fingers or not at all, which is normal. The lunula's white colour is due to the reflection of light where the nail matrix and nail bed meet.
Injuries or certain health conditions can damage the nail matrix and interfere with nail growth. Minor damage can cause temporary changes in nail appearance, such as ridges or grooves, while severe injuries may result in the nail falling off. In cases of severe nail matrix damage, the nail may not grow back. Maintaining the health of the nail matrix is crucial for optimal nail growth, and proper care can help safeguard against potential damage.
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Factors that can slow or stop nail growth
Fingernails are protective plates found at the tip of the digits (fingers and toes) of primates. They are made of a tough rigid protein called alpha-keratin, which is also found in the claws, hooves, and horns of vertebrates. The average rate of fingernail growth is approximately 3.5 mm a month, while toenails grow about half as fast, at around 1.6 mm a month.
There are several factors that can slow or stop nail growth. Here are some of the most common ones:
- Health conditions and medications: Certain health conditions and medications can impact nail growth. For example, lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and circulation problems can affect nail growth. Additionally, treatments such as chemotherapy may cause nails to grow slowly or stop growing temporarily.
- Nutrition and deficiencies: Nutritional deficiencies, such as a lack of iron, can slow nail growth. Spoon-shaped nails, or koilonychia, can be a sign of iron deficiency anemia.
- Stress and fever: Major stress, a high fever, or a serious injury can cause nails to grow slowly or stop growing temporarily.
- Age and hormones: Nail growth is said to peak during puberty and decline as hormone levels balance out with age. Blood circulation also slows with age, which can affect nail growth.
- Infections and diseases: Nail infections, such as nail fungus, can impact nail growth. Additionally, changes in nail colour, such as yellowing, may indicate an underlying health condition like lung disease, liver failure, or skin cancer.
- Trauma: Physical trauma to the nail, such as catching your nail or hitting it with a hammer, can slow nail growth.
- Genetics and hereditary factors: The growth rate of nails is related to the length of the terminal phalanges (outermost finger bones). The length of these bones varies among individuals, affecting the speed of nail growth.
It is important to note that any concerns about nail growth should be discussed with a doctor or dermatologist, as they can help determine the underlying cause and advise on any necessary treatment.
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Conditions that can damage the nail matrix
The nail matrix is the area where your fingernails and toenails are formed. It is the living, active tissue responsible for nail growth, located at the base of the nail. The nail matrix has two parts: the germinal matrix and the sterile matrix. The germinal matrix produces around 90% of the cells that make up your nails, while the sterile matrix is responsible for keeping your nail attached to the underlying skin.
The nail matrix is vulnerable to damage and disease, which can interfere with nail growth and cause pain. Damage to the nail matrix is often a result of mechanical injuries or improperly performed nail care procedures. Certain skin conditions and diseases can also affect the nail matrix, including:
Eczema
Severe eczema can temporarily interfere with nail growth, causing Beau's lines, pitting, and changes in texture or colour.
Psoriasis
Nail psoriasis can affect up to 80% of people with psoriasis, leading to white lines, pitting, and crumbling of the nails.
Subungual melanoma
Also known as nail matrix melanoma, this is a type of skin cancer that affects the nail matrix. It is characterised by brown or black discolouration of the nail and requires immediate medical attention.
Infections
Nail infections can be caused by various factors, including dirty socks, aggressive exercise, tight footwear, walking in an unclean environment, and sharing nail tools. Common organisms causing nail infections include yeasts, moulds, and dermatophytes.
Trauma
Trauma to the nail, such as a broken finger, can cause the production of new nail cells to stop temporarily. This can result in thicker nail appearance and slower nail growth for a period of time.
It is important to note that not all nail changes are indicative of nail matrix damage. Some problems may affect the nail bed, nail plate, or nail folds instead. If you notice any changes to your nails, it is recommended to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.
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How to relieve nail injuries
A nail injury can occur when any part of your nail becomes injured, including the nail, nail bed (skin underneath the nail), cuticle, and the skin around the sides of the nail. The most common cause of acute and chronic nail bed deformity is trauma, which can result in simple or complex lacerations.
If you experience a nail injury, it is important to assess the severity of the injury and seek medical attention if necessary. Here are some steps you can take to relieve nail injuries:
- Apply ice: Use ice packs or ice wrapped in a cloth to reduce pain and swelling. Apply ice for 20 minutes every 2 hours on the first day, then 3 to 4 times a day after that.
- Elevate the injured hand or foot: Keep your hand or foot above the level of your heart to reduce throbbing and swelling.
- Manage pain: Take over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen, naproxen, or acetaminophen as directed. Consult with a healthcare provider before taking any medication, especially if you have a pre-existing medical condition.
- Treat infections: Nail injuries can lead to infections. Keep the wound clean and dry, and seek medical attention if you suspect an infection. Antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent or treat infections.
- Bandage the injury: Use bandages to protect the wound and keep it clean. This can also help reduce bleeding and promote healing.
- Seek medical attention for severe injuries: If the injury involves a deep cut, a fractured bone, or a significant loss of the nail, it is important to seek professional medical treatment. A doctor can assess the extent of the damage and provide appropriate treatment, such as repairing the nail bed, trephination to drain blood, or synthetic nail attachment.
It is important to note that the above advice is general and not a substitute for professional medical advice. The treatment of nail injuries may vary depending on the severity and specific circumstances of the injury. Always consult with a healthcare professional if you are unsure about how to manage a nail injury.
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The structure of the nail and its components
The nail unit is a complex structure located on the dorsal surface of the fingers and toes. It has two main functions: protection and sensation. The nail unit consists of the nail plate, the nail matrix, and the nail bed below it, surrounded by grooves. The nail plate, also known as the corpus unguis or nail body, is the outer portion of the nail unit. It is formed by layers of a tough, rigid protein called alpha-keratin, which is also found in the claws, hooves, and horns of vertebrates. The nail plate is translucent, strong, and flexible, with its shape determined by the underlying bone.
The nail matrix, or germinal matrix, is the active tissue that generates new keratin cells. It is the part of the nail bed that is beneath the nail and contains nerves, lymph, and blood vessels. The matrix produces cells that harden as they move outward from the nail root to the nail plate, causing the nail to grow. The lunula, which means "small moon" in Latin, is the visible part of the matrix, appearing as a white or whitish crescent-shaped base of the nail. The lunula is best seen in the thumb and may not be visible in the little finger. Its white colour is due to the reflection of light where the nail matrix and nail bed meet.
The nail bed, or sterile matrix, lies underneath the nail plate, attaching it to the distal phalanx. The nail bed is the skin beneath the nail plate, made of two types of tissues: the dermis and the epidermis. The epidermis is attached to the dermis by tiny longitudinal "grooves" called matrix crests. The nail bed provides a smooth surface for the growing nail plate to slide over. Nerves and blood vessels in the nail bed supply nourishment to the entire nail unit.
The hyponychium, or the "quick", is the thickened portion of the epithelium underlying the free edge of the nail plate. It forms a seal that protects the nail bed. The eponychium, or cuticle, is a layer of stratum corneum that extends between the skin of the finger and the proximal nail plate. The nail is framed by the lateral nail folds on its left and right sides. The skin bordering the lower end of the nail is called the proximal nail fold, where the nail is tucked into a pouch in the skin, known as the matrix.
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Frequently asked questions
The nail, or nail plate, is attached to the nail bed and extends to the tip of the finger. The nail bed is the skin beneath the nail plate and is made of two types of tissues: the dermis and the epidermis.
The nail plate is made of a hard substance called alpha-keratin, a type of protein also found in claws, hooves, and horns of vertebrates.
Fingernails grow at an average rate of approximately 3.5mm a month, with toenails growing about half as fast. The growth rate depends on various factors, including age, sex, season, exercise level, diet, and hereditary factors.
