Sophia Delgado
There are many reasons why your fingernails might crack and split. Nails can become brittle and prone to splitting due to repeated wetting and drying, known as onychoschizia, or overexposure to moisture. This can occur from frequent hand washing, doing the dishes, or repeated nail polish use. Nail polish and removers can also weaken your nails over time, causing them to split. In addition, physical trauma, such as a stubbed toe or a smashed finger, can cause nail splitting. Certain underlying illnesses, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, and conditions such as psoriasis, onychomycosis, and thyroid problems can also cause nail splitting.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Ageing | Nails become more brittle with age and are more prone to cracking and splitting |
| Exposure to water | Constant exposure to water can weaken nails, making them more prone to splitting |
| Lack of nutrients | Deficiency in nutrients like vitamins A, B, C, D, E, iron, zinc, biotin, and calcium can cause nails to crack and split |
| Medical conditions | Conditions like onychomycosis, psoriasis, thyroid problems, and anemia can cause nail splitting |
| Physical trauma | Injuries like stubbing or smashing your fingers can cause nail splitting |
| Nail products | Frequent use of nail polish, removers, and fake nails can weaken nails and lead to splitting |
| Occupational hazards | Occupations requiring frequent exposure to water or chemicals can increase the risk of nail splitting |
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What You'll Learn
Ageing, illness, and injury
Ageing
As you get older, your nails become more brittle and prone to cracking and splitting. This is due to the nails drying out and thinning with age, which can also cause them to peel and form ridges. It is more common in women over 60 but can affect men too.
Illness
Nail cracking and splitting can be a sign of underlying illnesses, such as thyroid problems, diabetes, or a weakened immune system. It can also be a symptom of vitamin or mineral deficiencies, including iron, zinc, calcium, selenium, and vitamins A, B, C, and D.
Injury
Nail injuries, such as smashing your finger in a door or cutting your fingernail with a sharp object, can cause horizontal or vertical nail splitting. Even a small injury can lead to nail splitting, and people with diabetes or a weakened immune system are more susceptible to nail injuries and infections.
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Moisture and chemicals
Moisture plays a critical role in maintaining healthy nails. When nails are exposed to excessive moisture, they can become soft and more susceptible to cracking and splitting. This is often an issue for those who work with their hands in water frequently, such as dishwashers, swimmers, and house cleaners. To protect your nails, wear cotton-lined rubber gloves when performing tasks that require prolonged exposure to water. Additionally, use a gentle, moisturizing soap when washing your hands, and avoid harsh, drying soaps and sanitizers. After washing your hands, apply a generous amount of hand cream or cuticle oil to your nails and cuticles to help lock in moisture.
The nails can also be affected by the chemicals we come into contact with daily. Common household cleaners, detergents, and even nail polish removers can contain harsh chemicals that can damage and dry out the nails, leading to cracking and splitting. It is important to wear protective gloves when using such products and to opt for more natural, gentle alternatives whenever possible. For example, choose an acetone-free nail polish remover, as acetone can be extremely drying to the nails.
Frequent exposure to water and chemicals can also affect the integrity of the nail structure. This is particularly common for individuals who work in industries such as hairdressing, where the nails are often exposed to water, shampoo, and chemical treatments. To minimize the impact, it is important to dry the hands and nails thoroughly after contact with water and to use barrier creams or gloves to protect the nails from harsh chemicals. Additionally, regular application of a nourishing nail oil can help to strengthen and protect the nails from environmental damage.
In addition to external moisture and chemicals, internal hydration and exposure to certain medications or treatments can also contribute to nail cracking and splitting. Ensuring adequate fluid intake and maintaining a balanced diet rich in biotin, vitamin B, and omega-3 fatty acids can help support nail health from the inside out. Moreover, certain medications, such as retinoids or chemotherapy drugs, can have side effects that include nail changes, so it is important to be mindful of potential interactions and discuss any concerns with a healthcare professional.
While moisture and chemicals are common culprits, it is also worth considering other potential causes of nail cracking and splitting, such as nutritional deficiencies, underlying health conditions, or mechanical trauma to the nail. If the problem persists or is accompanied by other symptoms, it is advisable to consult a dermatologist or healthcare provider for a thorough evaluation and personalized treatment plan. They may recommend specific supplements, topical treatments, or lifestyle changes to help improve the health and appearance of your nails.
Finally, paying attention to the products you use in your nail care routine is important. Some nail polishes and hardeners can contain harsh chemicals that can dry out the nails over time, making them more prone to cracking and splitting. Opt for nail polishes that are free from toxic chemicals, such as toluene, formaldehyde, and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). Also, look for nail care products that are fortified with nourishing ingredients like vitamin E, argan oil, or jojoba oil, which can help strengthen and moisturize your nails. Regularly rotating and giving your nails a break from polish can also help improve their overall health and appearance.
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Nutrition and vitamin deficiencies
Fingernails are made up of a protein called keratin, which the body needs nutrients to produce. Healthy fats and oils from your diet are also required to keep your nails strong and moisturized.
Nail health is closely associated with how well your body is functioning in other areas. Dr. Sara Norris, a naturopathic doctor, explains that "for the general population, nail health is most often an indicator of poor nutritional intake or poor digestion." Dr. Mark Benor, a clinical assistant professor of family medicine, agrees that "nail issues usually don't bespeak a serious underlying illness."
Spoon-shaped nails are typically associated with anemia or an iron deficiency. A vitamin B12 deficiency can also affect the color of your nails, causing them to become bluish or grey-brown. Vitamin D deficiency is linked to soft nails. Patients with reduced plasma magnesium levels can develop soft, flaky nails that are prone to breaking or splitting.
If you are experiencing nail issues, it is important to talk to your doctor about your symptoms, diet, and overall health to rule out any potential underlying conditions that may affect nail health. Your doctor may recommend dietary supplements or suggest switching up your diet to include a variety of foods rich in the vitamins and minerals your body needs.
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Nail cosmetics and procedures
Negative Effects of Nail Cosmetics and Procedures
The use of nail polish, gel acrylics, and nail polish removers can have detrimental effects on nail health. These products tend to weaken the nails, making them more prone to splitting and cracking. This is especially true for individuals who regularly use these products and those who work with their hands, exposing their nails to frequent wetting and drying. Additionally, harsh chemicals in nail polish, such as toluene and formaldehyde, can cause dehydration and further contribute to nail damage.
Positive Effects of Nail Cosmetics and Procedures
While some nail cosmetics can be detrimental, others can be beneficial for nail health. For instance:
- Nail hardening agents: These products can increase nail strength, but they should be used cautiously as they may also cause brittleness. It is recommended to apply these hardening agents only to the free edge or growing end of the nail.
- Nail glue or clear nail lacquer: In the case of a bigger split, these products can be applied to hold the keratin layers together until the nail grows out.
- Nail repair kits: Such kits can be purchased to fix cracks and splits, offering a convenient DIY method for nail repair.
- Nail salons: For more severe cases, nail salons provide professional repair services to address nail damage.
General Nail Care Tips
In addition to cosmetic treatments, maintaining proper nail care is essential. This includes keeping nails trimmed, washing and moisturizing hands regularly, and avoiding harsh nail products. Additionally, consider the following:
- Protect nails from excess moisture: Wear gloves when exposing your hands to water for extended periods.
- Moisturize nails: Apply thick moisturizers or petroleum jelly to improve nail hydration and prevent dryness.
- File nails: Gently file down any snags or uneven edges to prevent cracks from forming or worsening.
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Yeast, mould, and fungal infections
Yeast onychomycosis, often caused by Candida, is more commonly associated with fingernails than toenails. It may indicate a weakened immune system or immunodeficiency. Symptoms of yeast onychomycosis include discolouration (yellow, white, or brown), thickening of the nail, and separation from the nail bed.
Fungal nail infections typically start as a small white or yellow spot under the nail, which gradually spreads. Over time, the entire nail may turn white, yellow, green, or black, and the nail may thicken, curl, or loosen from the nail bed. The nail can become brittle and crumble, and a bad smell may be noticeable.
If left untreated, fungal nail infections can lead to pain and may even affect your ability to walk. Therefore, it is essential to seek treatment from a healthcare provider. Treatment options include oral antifungal medications, topical antifungals, and, in severe cases, surgery to remove the nail.
To prevent yeast, mould, and fungal infections, it is important to maintain proper hand hygiene, keep your fingernails short and trimmed, and avoid walking barefoot in places like gym showers, swimming pools, and locker rooms, where fungi can spread easily.
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Frequently asked questions
There are many reasons why your fingernails might crack and split. Some of the most common causes include:
- Aging
- Exposure to water
- Certain underlying illnesses or conditions, such as thyroid problems, anemia, or nail fungus
- Nutrient deficiencies, such as a lack of vitamins A, B, C, or D, iron, zinc, calcium, or biotin
- Physical trauma or injury to the nail
- Frequent use of nail polish and/or harsh nail products
- Moisture can cause nails to become weak and brittle, leading to splitting
If you are concerned about your fingernails cracking and splitting, it is recommended to consult a doctor or dermatologist to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment.
To prevent your fingernails from cracking and splitting, try the following:
- Keep your nails clean and healthy by washing and moisturising your hands regularly.
- Avoid using harsh nail products, such as nail polish, nail polish remover, and nail hardening products.
- Maintain a healthy diet rich in vitamins and minerals, such as vitamins A, B, C, and D, iron, zinc, and calcium.
- Protect your nails from physical trauma and injury by wearing gloves when doing chores or working with your hands.
- Keep your nails trimmed and filed to prevent snagging and tearing.
Yes, frequent use of nail polish and nail polish remover can weaken your nails and make them more prone to cracking and splitting. This is because the chemicals in these products can dehydrate and damage your nails. If you notice that your nails are becoming dry, brittle, or weak after using nail polish, it is recommended to reduce the frequency of use or switch to a milder, less harsh product.
Yes, thyroid problems can cause nail splitting and brittleness. If you suspect that your thyroid may be causing your nail issues, it is important to consult a doctor. They may recommend a daily pill to replace the hormone that your thyroid is no longer able to produce.
Yes, nutrient deficiencies can affect nail health and cause fingernails to crack and split. In addition to vitamins and minerals, a deficiency in biotin (a B vitamin) may also contribute to nail problems. If you think you may have a nutrient deficiency, it is important to consult a doctor or registered dietitian to assess your diet and recommend any necessary supplements.
