Sophia Delgado
Toenails are made of layers of keratin, a protein also found in hair. Healthy nails are smooth, with consistent colouring and no spots or discolouration. If your toenails are splitting, it could be due to a number of factors, including age, injury, nail biting, nutrient deficiency, or underlying health conditions. In some cases, split toenails can be treated at home, but if the nail bed is affected, it's important to seek medical advice.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Medical term | Onychoschizia |
| Appearance | May look as if part of the nail is peeling or cracked |
| Location of split | Edge of the nail or entire nail |
| Direction of split | Horizontal or vertical |
| Cause | Physical stress, nutrient deficiency, wear and tear, frequent wetting and drying, nail fungus, injury, aging, pregnancy, nail polish, skin conditions, vitamin deficiency, thyroid problems |
| Treatment | Trimming and filing the nail, adhesive silk wraps, applying lotion or cream with alpha-hydroxy acid or lanolin, clear nail polish with strengthening properties, oral supplements in case of nutrient deficiency, topical corticosteroids for psoriasis, nail bracing |
| When to see a doctor | When the split is large, involves the nail bed, shows signs of infection, or home remedies are ineffective |
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What You'll Learn
Horizontal or vertical splits
Horizontal nail splits or onychoschizia are prevalent in occupations requiring frequent hand wetting and drying. This condition is characterised by brittle and splitting nails, with horizontal splits across the width of the nail plate. It often occurs alongside onychorrhexis, resulting in longitudinal splits or ridges in the nail plate. Together, these conditions are referred to as "brittle nails." Individuals with specific conditions like psoriasis or lichen planus, or those taking oral medications containing vitamin A, are also susceptible to horizontal nail splits.
Vertical nail splits, on the other hand, are often self-inflicted due to nail-picking or biting behaviours. These habits are commonly associated with anxiety or nervousness. By exerting stress on the nail, it becomes more prone to vertical splits. Additionally, moisture plays a significant role in nail health. Overexposure to moisture can occur during everyday activities like dishwashing, handwashing, or frequent nail polish use. This weakens the nails, making them more susceptible to vertical splits.
To address horizontal or vertical nail splits, it is essential to identify and treat the underlying cause. In the case of horizontal splits, this may involve refraining from frequent hand wetting and drying or seeking medical advice if an underlying condition is suspected. For vertical splits, discontinuing nail-picking or biting behaviours and reducing moisture exposure can help prevent further splitting. Proper nail care, including trimming, filing, and the use of nail hardening products, can also aid in managing and preventing both types of nail splits.
If nail splits are severe, affect the nail bed, or show signs of infection, it is important to seek medical attention. A healthcare professional may need to remove the nail, stitch the nail bed, or reattach the nail using stitches or glue. In less severe cases, home remedies such as trimming, filing, and using adhesive silk wraps can be employed to manage the condition until the nail grows out. Maintaining nail hygiene and avoiding harsh chemicals are also crucial in preventing and managing nail splits.
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Home remedies
Split toenails are a common issue with a variety of causes, including physical stress, nutrient deficiency, wear and tear, and nail biting. While small splits can usually be managed at home, larger splits or those affecting the nailbed may require a visit to the podiatrist. Here are some home remedies to help manage and treat split toenails:
Trimming and Filing
If you have a small split or crack in your toenail, start by trimming and filing the nail to smooth out any jagged edges that could catch and cause further damage. As your nail grows out, the split will gradually disappear.
Moisturize and Strengthen
To restore moisture and strengthen brittle nails, apply lotion or cream containing alpha-hydroxy acid or lanolin. You can also use a clear nail polish with strengthening properties to protect your nail from further damage.
Adhesive Silk Wraps
Adhesive silk wraps can be used to hold the split nail in place. Cut a small piece of silk wrap to fit the affected area, then use a gel nail resin to secure the split.
Nail Glue
For more severe splits, you can use nail glue to reattach the broken piece. Apply a small amount of adhesive to the detached nail and gently press it back together until the glue sets.
Tea Bag and Glue
Cut a nail-sized portion from an ordinary tea bag and use a brush to apply adhesive to it. Glue the tea bag piece onto your nail, then buff and paint over it if desired.
Fake Nails
As a temporary solution, you can apply a fake nail over the broken one. This will hide the split and protect the nail until it grows out.
While these home remedies can help manage and treat minor nail splits, it's important to consult a podiatrist if the problem persists or if the split affects the nailbed. Additionally, maintaining proper nail care and avoiding nail-damaging habits can help prevent future splits.
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When to see a doctor
While split toenails are quite common and will usually heal as your nails grow, there are some instances where you should seek medical advice.
Firstly, if your split toenail is due to a fungal infection, is large, or involves the nail bed, it’s important to see a podiatrist or doctor for treatment. If the tender skin under your nail is exposed, skip super glue and see a doctor. If the split extends into your nail bed, your nail may have to be removed, and your nail bed may need stitches. In some cases, your nail can be reattached with glue or stitches.
Secondly, if your split toenails are causing you frequent discomfort, reach out to a doctor or podiatrist about treatment options. If home remedies are not improving the state of your nail, it may be time to seek professional advice.
Thirdly, if your toenails have split because they are dry and brittle, applying lotion or cream that contains alpha-hydroxy acid or lanolin can help. Applying clear nail polish with strengthening properties can also help to strengthen the nail and protect it from further damage. However, if these self-care treatments are not effective, and your nails continue to be dry, brittle, and prone to splitting, it may be a sign of an underlying health issue. See your doctor or a dermatologist, who can suggest medication or other treatments.
Finally, if you are concerned with any changes to your nails, or if your nails split often, it could be a sign of an underlying condition, such as thyroid problems, nutrient deficiency, or a fungal infection. A simple blood test can check how well your thyroid is working, and whether you have any nutrient deficiencies. Your doctor will also be able to advise on any necessary changes to your diet or medication.
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Prevention
While it's not always possible to prevent split toenails, there are several measures you can take to reduce the risk of developing them. Here are some preventive tips to keep your toenails healthy and reduce the chances of splitting:
Keep Nails Clean and Well-Maintained
It is essential to maintain proper nail hygiene and care. Trim your toenails regularly, keeping them short and neat. When trimming, cut your nails straight across to prevent ingrown nails and potential splits. Additionally, use a nail file to gently smooth any rough edges or snags, avoiding metal tools to push back cuticles. Filing helps prevent jagged edges that can catch on things and cause further damage.
Moisturize and Nourish
Nails that are dry and brittle are more prone to splitting. To prevent this, apply moisturizer or lotion to your toenails and cuticles regularly. Look for products containing alpha-hydroxy acid, lanolin, or petroleum jelly, as these ingredients help improve nail hydration and reduce brittleness.
Avoid Excess Moisture and Chemicals
Prolonged exposure to moisture can weaken nails, making them more susceptible to splitting. Limit the time your feet are immersed in water, and if possible, wear gloves when doing chores or activities that involve frequent wetting and drying of your feet and nails. Also, avoid harsh chemicals and acetone-based nail products, as these can contribute to nail damage and splitting.
Address Underlying Health Conditions
In some cases, nail splitting may be indicative of an underlying health issue, such as a vitamin or nutrient deficiency, psoriasis, or fungal infections. If you suspect any of these conditions, consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment. Taking oral supplements, managing psoriasis with medication, and treating fungal infections can help prevent nail splitting.
Reduce Physical Stress and Injuries
Injuries to the nail, such as stubbing your toe or crushing your nail, can lead to nail splitting. Be mindful of your surroundings and wear appropriate footwear to reduce the risk of toe injuries. Additionally, avoid picking or biting your nails, as this can cause stress to the nail and increase the likelihood of splitting.
Remember, while these preventive measures can help reduce the occurrence of split toenails, it may not be possible to eliminate the risk entirely. If you experience persistent or severe nail splitting, it is advisable to consult a podiatrist or healthcare professional for personalized advice and treatment options.
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Underlying causes
Toenails can split due to various underlying causes. One of the most common causes is physical stress or damage to the nail, such as picking, biting, or pulling at the nail, which can lead to cracks and splits. This habit is often a result of anxiety or nervousness. Additionally, injuries to the nail, such as crushing the nail tip or bed, can result in nail splitting.
Another underlying cause of toenail splitting is exposure to moisture. Overexposure to water can cause nails to become weak and brittle, making them more prone to splitting. This can occur during activities such as washing dishes or frequent handwashing. The repeated use of nail polish and nail polish remover can also contribute to this issue.
Certain medical conditions and nutrient deficiencies can also lead to toenail splitting. For example, people with thyroid problems may experience nail splitting and brittleness. Additionally, vitamin deficiencies, such as a lack of biotin or iron, can result in brittle and splitting nails.
Underlying infections, such as fungal, bacterial, or yeast infections, can also be a cause of toenail splitting. In particular, onychomycosis, an infection caused by ringworm, can invade the nails and lead to splitting. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat and may require prescription antifungal medication or, in severe cases, removal of the nail.
In some cases, toenail splitting may be a side effect of medication or cancer treatment. It is important to consult a medical professional to determine if an alternative medication can be prescribed. Additionally, some oral medications made from vitamin A (oral retinoids) can cause nail splitting.
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