Ava Monroe
Nails can split vertically (longitudinally) or horizontally, and there are many reasons why this happens. Nails can split due to aging, frequent wetting and drying of the hands, nail cosmetics, nail procedures, and occupational exposure to various chemicals. Nails can also split due to underlying medical problems such as gland (endocrine system) diseases, tuberculosis, Sjögren syndrome, and malnutrition. Nail splitting can also be caused by vitamin deficiencies, fungal infections, and skin conditions such as psoriasis.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Horizontal nail splitting | Caused by nail injury, damage to proteins that connect nail layers, underlying medical conditions, vitamin deficiencies, or skin conditions like psoriasis or lichen planus |
| Vertical nail splitting | Caused by damage to the nail matrix, aging, pregnancy, nail cosmetics, frequent exposure to water, or underlying medical conditions |
| General causes | Injuries, infections, moisture, skin conditions, nutrient deficiencies, anemia, fungal infections, diabetes, weakened immune system, nail disease, medication |
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What You'll Learn
Aging, pregnancy, and certain illnesses
Aging, illnesses, and other factors can cause nails to become brittle and split vertically. As people age, their nails may become weaker and more susceptible to splitting. Additionally, certain underlying illnesses can contribute to nail splitting. For example, nail fungus, anemia, and hypothyroidism are associated with nail changes. Anemia, a condition caused by insufficient iron in the body, can lead to cracked nails. Nails can also be affected by hypothyroidism, which is characterized by low thyroid hormone levels.
Pregnancy is another factor that can cause nail splitting. During pregnancy, hormonal changes can lead to faster nail growth, resulting in thicker and longer nails. However, this increased growth can also lead to brittleness, making the nails more prone to splitting. Additionally, pregnancy increases the risk of developing anemia, which can further contribute to nail issues.
While aging, pregnancy, and illnesses can be factors, nail splitting can also be influenced by external factors such as exposure to water and moisture. Keeping nails clean, dry, and moisturized can help prevent splitting. Additionally, using nail-hardening products and avoiding harsh nail treatments can also strengthen nails and reduce the likelihood of splitting.
In some cases, nail splitting may be a result of nutrient deficiencies. Ensuring adequate intake of vitamins A, B, C, and D, as well as minerals like iron, zinc, and calcium, is essential for maintaining nail health. Biotin, a B-complex vitamin, is particularly important for nail firmness and hardness.
It is important to note that while nail splitting can be a cosmetic concern, it can sometimes indicate an underlying health issue. If nail splitting is frequent or persists for an extended period, it is advisable to consult a doctor or dermatologist for further evaluation.
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Exposure to water and moisture
Certain occupations or hobbies that require frequent handwashing or exposure to water can increase the risk of nail splitting. For example, those who work in healthcare, food service, or housekeeping may be more prone to nail splitting due to the nature of their work. Additionally, activities such as swimming or water sports can also contribute to excessive moisture exposure.
To prevent nail splitting due to water exposure, it is recommended to wear gloves when performing tasks that involve water. Cotton-lined rubber gloves can provide a barrier between the nails and water, helping to protect them from excessive moisture. This simple measure can significantly reduce the risk of nail splitting.
Another way to mitigate the effects of water exposure is to moisturize the nails and cuticles regularly. Using a moisturizer or nail oil can help to hydrate and strengthen the nails, making them more resilient to the damaging effects of water. It is also important to avoid harsh nail products, as they can further weaken the nails and make them more susceptible to splitting.
Additionally, it is advisable to give nails a break from nail cosmetics, such as nail polish and acrylics, as these can also contribute to nail weakening and splitting. Allowing nails to breathe and recover can help improve their overall health and reduce the likelihood of splitting. In summary, while exposure to water and moisture is a common cause of nail splitting, taking preventive measures such as wearing gloves, moisturizing, and avoiding harsh nail products can help mitigate this issue.
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Vitamin and nutrient deficiencies
Nutritional deficiencies can cause nails to split in various ways. Firstly, vitamin B7, also known as biotin, plays an important role in nail health. While some studies suggest that biotin supplements may improve nail strength, others argue that taking biotin when one does not have a deficiency will not necessarily improve nail health. In fact, it is rare to have a biotin deficiency, as it is found in many foods such as egg yolks, salmon, and sweet potatoes.
Additionally, vitamin B12 deficiencies can cause changes in nail pigmentation, leading to bluish or grey-brown discolouration. Vitamin B deficiencies can also cause spoon nails, where the nail appears concave either horizontally or vertically. This condition is also associated with inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis, hypo- or hyperthyroidism, or autoimmune disorders.
Vitamin C is another important nutrient for nail health. A diet high in fruits and vegetables can provide the necessary vitamins and minerals to maintain strong nails. Vitamin A and D deficiencies have also been linked to nail issues, specifically hapalonychia (soft nails) and longitudinal melanonychia of the nail plate.
Furthermore, low calcium levels can cause dry, brittle nails. Dairy products are a great source of calcium, but it can also be found in sardines, beans, and seeds. Iron deficiency, or anaemia, can also lead to cracked nails, and iron-rich foods can help address this issue.
Other nutritional deficiencies that can impact nail health include low plasma magnesium levels, which can result in soft, flaky nails that are prone to breaking or splitting. Selenium deficiency may also cause nails to turn white, and nail clubbing is associated with iodine deficiency.
While external factors, such as nail cosmetics and overexposure to water, can also cause nail splitting, nutritional deficiencies are a common underlying cause. Therefore, maintaining a healthy and balanced diet is crucial for preventing nail issues and promoting overall health.
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Skin conditions like psoriasis
Skin conditions, such as psoriasis, can cause nails to split. Psoriasis is an autoimmune disease that causes skin cells to reproduce quickly, resulting in nail discolouration, pitting, and changes in nail structure. The skin underneath the nails may change colour, with patches appearing yellow, red, pink, or brown. Nails may develop pits or dents, ranging in size from 0.4 to 2 millimetres, and can be shallow or deep. Horizontal grooves, known as Beau's lines, may also develop across the nails.
In addition to these symptoms, nails affected by psoriasis may become thin and crumble, with the thick layer of skin underneath the nail peeling and slowly separating from the nail bed. This can lead to the development of nail fungus. While nail psoriasis is not contagious, it can cause discomfort and distress. Treatment options are available to help manage symptoms, including corticosteroids, calcipotriol derived from vitamin D, and tazarotene derived from vitamin A.
Nail psoriasis is typically diagnosed by a healthcare provider through a physical examination of the affected areas and a discussion of symptoms and family history. The nail psoriasis severity index (NAPSI) is then used to grade the severity of the condition. While there is no cure for nail psoriasis, treatments can provide relief from symptoms.
It is important to note that psoriasis can affect both the skin and nails, and nail symptoms typically develop years after the onset of psoriasis. In some cases, nail psoriasis may occur without any visible signs of psoriasis on the skin. Therefore, it is crucial to regularly check fingernails and toenails for any signs of nail psoriasis and consult a dermatologist for appropriate treatment.
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Nail cosmetics and procedures
The frequent use of nail cosmetics, such as nail hardeners, nail polish, and polish removers or solvents, can contribute to nail splitting. These products can weaken the nails over time, making them more susceptible to splitting and cracking. It is recommended to give your nails a break from these cosmetics to help prevent splitting and promote nail health.
Additionally, certain nail procedures can also be a factor. For example, gel acrylics are mentioned as a potential cause of nail splitting. The application and removal processes of gel manicures can be particularly harsh on the nails, leading to thinning and weakening of the nail plate.
It is important to note that while nail cosmetics and procedures can be contributing factors, nail splitting can also be caused by various other factors, including nail injuries, moisture exposure, skin conditions, and underlying medical conditions. If you are experiencing persistent or severe nail splitting, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional or dermatologist for personalized advice and treatment options.
To maintain nail health and reduce the likelihood of splitting, it is recommended to keep your nails clean, moisturized, and trimmed. Using gentle manicure techniques and avoiding metal tools that can scrape the nail bed is also advisable. Taking a break from nail cosmetics and choosing nail-strengthening treatments can help prevent and manage nail splitting.
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